Dietary Recommendations for Individuals with Degenerative Bone Disease

Osteoporosis, formerly known as bone disease, leads to a significant weakening of the structure of the skeletal system, especially long bones such as the femur and radius. As the condition progresses, a significant loss of bone mass can also be observed. Symptoms include severe bone pain, deformity of the chest (also known as a dowager's hump), decreased lung capacity, and fractures (particularly in long bones such as the femur and radius). A gradual reduction in height can also be observed. It is important to note that fractures caused by advanced osteoporosis usually occur as a result of a minor injury that would not normally cause such damage. These fractures are referred to as low-energy or osteoporotic fractures. In most cases (about 70%), the condition develops as a result of metabolic disorders in the bone, known as primary osteoporosis. The remaining 30% is diagnosed as secondary osteoporosis. The causes include hormonal disorders, poor absorption of nutrients, and the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, heparin, and glucocorticoids (commonly referred to as steroids). There are risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These are divided into three groups. The first group includes non-modifiable factors such as female gender, advanced age, ethnicity (Caucasian race), family and genetic predisposition. The second group includes partially modifiable factors such as low BMI, pre- and postmenopausal state, co-existing diseases, and the use of certain medications. The third group includes modifiable factors that humans have control over, such as calcium and vitamin D deficiency, protein-poor diet, smoking, excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption, and a sedentary lifestyle.