Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids – Sources of Occurrence and Deficiency Risk
Katarzyna Mazur
2026-03-23
3 min. read
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Nutrients such as vitamins and minerals are present in small quantities in both the human body and food products. However, they are essential for the proper functioning of the body and must be obtained from food. A deficiency or excess of any of them can lead to health disorders.[1] The same applies to omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are often referred to as vitamin F. Let's examine their sources of occurrence and the risk of deficiency.
Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Vitamin F comprises a-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), which are examples of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. These fatty acids are indispensable for the proper functioning of the human body, yet humans cannot synthesize them on their own due to the absence of certain enzymes required for their production.[2] Both fatty acids occur in the human body based on competitive antagonism, meaning that their metabolites express against the agent acids. Metabolites of linoleic acid have a pro-inflammatory effect, while metabolites of a-linolenic acid have an anti-inflammatory effect and inhibit platelet aggregation.[3]
Unsaturated fatty acids - occurrence
According to the recommendations of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, the daily energy intake from the consumption of linoleic acid should be 2%, whereas for α-linolenic acid it should be 0.7% [4]. A significant amount of linoleic acid can be found in plant products such as edible oils: sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, and beetroot oil. On the other hand, α-linolenic acid is widely present in the chloroplast membranes of plants and is also found in seeds in smaller amounts. Leafy green vegetables contain α-linolenic acid in amounts of 40-60% of the total fatty acid content. However, it is important to note that the fat content in these plants is very low, therefore they do not have a significant impact as a source of vitamin F [5].
Inadequate amount of polyunsaturated acids (Vitamin F)
Clinical studies in adults and children, as well as animal studies, have shown that an inadequate amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids can: inhibit the development of skin changes (e.g. dry, flaky and dull skin), cause platelet deficiency, decrease saliva production, increase fluid intake, monitor the physiological functions of the heart, liver, kidneys, and other organs and tissues, raise blood pressure, decrease fertility, lower immunity and increase susceptibility to infections.. It is also important to note that not only a deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet is unhealthy, but also an excessive intake of these acids can have negative effects on the body.. Vitamin F, also known as α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, is an essential nutrient.. It can be found in plant oils, seeds, and green leaves.. Deficiency of these fatty acids can lead to serious health problems.
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