Probiotics Under Scrutiny: Definition, Mechanisms of Action, and Scope of Therapeutic and Preventive Applications in Clinical Practice
Tim Klein
2026-05-19
6 min. read
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Dietary supplements containing live bacterial or yeast cultures, commonly referred to as probiotics, are gaining increasing recognition among both patients and healthcare professionals. However, before committing to their regular use, it is essential to explore the fundamental biological aspects of these microorganisms: Which specific strains qualify as probiotic? In what clinical scenarios is their administration supported by robust scientific evidence? And when do absolute or relative contraindications exist—particularly in light of individual physiological predispositions and potential interactions with concurrently administered pharmacological treatments?
What is a probiotic?
The FAO/WHO definition of 2001 describes a probiotic as a specific strain of bacteria that, given under certain conditions, is able to have a beneficial effect on the host organism. Probiotics are living beneficial microorganisms that make it possible to improve the composition and function of the gut microbial flora. The presence of probiotics is the basis for good health and well-being. They play a role in: the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients; the elimination of pathogenic microbes (only due to the production of lactic acid and protective protective substances); the reduction of germ protective barriers and the introduction of protective antibodies into the gut tissue.
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