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Is It Really Photosensitivity? What It Is, How to Prevent It, and How to Treat It

Max Müller

Max Müller

2026-03-18
5 min. read
Is It Really Photosensitivity? What It Is, How to Prevent It, and How to Treat It
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The spring and summer season is primarily associated with intense sunshine. During this time, many people choose to spend their leisure time near water to get a summer tan. However, it is essential to remember that UV radiation can lead to problems related to photosensitivity, such as phototoxicity and photoallergy. What causes sun exposure to result in such health problems? Are phototoxicity and photoallergy the same condition? Does photosensitivity pose a threat to health?

Fotoallergie: Was versteht man darunter?

Fotoallergie, auch Fotosensibilisierung genannt, bezeichnet eine atopische (allergische) Hautreaktion, die vor allem durch Sonneneinstrahlung (UV) ausgelöst wird, aber nicht ausschließlich. Sie kann auch durch Bestrahlung mit Rehabilitationslampen, Laserstrahlung (z. B. bei Haar- oder Tattooentfernung) oder Solariumbesuche verursacht werden. Wichtig ist, dass eine fotoallergische Reaktion nicht spontan auftritt – sie erfordert die Anwesenheit eines Photosensibilisators (Fotouczulers). Typisch für diese Stoffe ist das Vorhandensein von Chromophoren, die die Fähigkeit zur Absorption von Strahlung und die Auslösung unerwünschter Prozesse während der allergischen Reaktion ermöglichen.

Wie entwickelt sich die photosensible Reaktion?

Wenn Sonnenlicht die Haut erreicht, dringt es tief in die Epidermis ein, wo die in Photosensibilisatoren enthaltenen Farbstoffe es absorbieren. Dadurch werden die Photosensoren in Haptene (Allergene) umgewandelt, die eine allergische Hautreaktion auslösen. Die photosensible Reaktion äußert sich meist durch Entzündungen, Juckreiz, Schuppenbildung, Pigmentstörungen und Kontaktdermatitis mit Knötchen. Wichtig ist, dass die Veränderungen nicht nur auf UV-exponierten Bereichen auftreten, sondern auch auf anderen Körperstellen, einschließlich bedeckter Haut. Üblicherweise treten die Symptome 1–2 Tage nach Sonnenexposition auf.

Fotosensoren – Beispiele für Substanzen

Die meisten Photosensibilisatoren sind Medikamente, deren Wirkstoffe unter Einwirkung von UV-Strahlung unerwünschte Hautveränderungen hervorrufen können. Personen, die eine langfristige medikamentöse Therapie durchlaufen, insbesondere in den Frühlings- und Sommermonaten, sowie solche, die sich Behandlungen unterziehen, die Photosensibilität auslösen können (z. B. Laserhaarentfernung), sollten ihren Arzt oder Apotheker bezüglich des Risikos allergischer Reaktionen konsultieren. Zu den potenziell fotosensibilisierenden Medikamenten gehören unter anderem Antibiotika, Antimykotika, Akne-Medikamente, nichtsteroidale Antirheumatika, Antiallergika, Psychopharmaka und Antidepressiva. Auch bestimmte Kräuter und Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, obwohl natürlich, enthalten starke Photosensibilisatoren, die starke allergische Reaktionen auslösen können. Dazu gehören Berg-Arnika, Große Brennnessel, Heil-Aloe, Kamille und Schachtelhalm. Es ist auch wichtig, auf Retinoide, Derivate von Vitamin A, zu achten, die häufig bei Aknebehandlung eingesetzt werden. Sie fördern die Abschuppung abgestorbener Hautzellen, regulieren die Talgproduktion und stimulieren die Verhornung, was die Hautempfindlichkeit gegenüber UV-Strahlung erhöht und zu allergischen Reaktionen, Sonnenbrand und Hautschäden führen kann.

Handelt es sich um eine Lichtallergie oder um Phototoxizität? Was sind die wesentlichen Unterschiede?

Fotoallergie und Phototoxizität werden oft verwechselt, obwohl es sich um unterschiedliche Phänomene handelt. Eine Fotoallergie ist eine allergische Reaktion, die meist erst nach mindestens 24 Stunden nach UV-Exposition auftritt und Hautveränderungen am gesamten Körper verursacht, auch in nicht exponierten Bereichen. Phototoxizität hingegen ist ein völlig anderes Problem, bei dem die Reaktion anders abläuft. Sonnenlicht führt dazu, dass Photosensibilisatoren die Freisetzung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies (freien Radikalen) auslösen, die Zellen schädigen. Das bedeutet, dass die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem fotosensibilisierenden Stoff und UV-Strahlung zu Hautschäden wie Schwellungen, Blasen oder Rötungen führt. Ein weiterer Unterschied ist die Reaktionszeit – phototoxische Reaktionen treten bereits nach wenigen Minuten oder Stunden auf, und die Hautveränderungen beschränken sich auf die exponierten Bereiche. Beispiele für Stoffe, die Phototoxizität auslösen, sind Herzrhythmusmittel, Malaria-Medikamente, Zytostatika sowie Pflanzen wie Liebstöckel, Johanniskraut, Karotten, Petersilie und Engelwurz.

Wie man mit Photoallergie und Phototoxizität umgeht

Ähnlich wie bei anderen allergischen Reaktionen ist es entscheidend, Faktoren zu minimieren, die zu Photosensitivität führen können. Es gibt zwei Hauptansätze: den Austausch von photosensibilisierenden Substanzen und die Reduzierung der UV-Exposition. Häufig treten Hautveränderungen auf, die die Anwendung von Antihistaminika, Kortikosteroiden und pflegenden Hautpflegeprodukten erfordern. In besonderen Fällen werden Umschläge mit Borsäure oder Meerwasser verwendet.
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Max Müller

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