Basil - Medicinal Agent, Varieties, and Therapeutic Utilization

Basil is a highly valued herbaceous plant native to the tropical regions of Asia. Currently, approximately 150 different species of the genus Ocimum are known, which have evolved over time under various environmental conditions. The different varieties of basil vary in appearance and content of valuable essential oils. In Europe, basil probably appeared thanks to the military campaigns of Alexander the Great. Due to its unique aroma, it was highly valued by the Greeks, who then spread it throughout the Mediterranean countries. The most common variety is common basil, which is an annual plant that can reach a height of up to 60-70 cm. The leaves are large, serrated, and have a strong clove scent. The flowers appear in late summer and are white, small, and form pseudo-rings at the top of the stem. The seeds of basil are also valuable, as oil is extracted from them. They are dark brown, oval, and about 15 mm long. Among the most well-known varieties of basil, there are five main groups that differ in size and shape of the leaves.

The cultivation of basil is straightforward and does not require specialized knowledge. This plant thrives best in well-lit locations, but should not be exposed to direct sunlight. The optimal temperature for its propagation is 25°C. Basil does not tolerate low temperatures, wind, and dry soil. It thrives best on moist and permeable ground. After sowing the seeds, they should be watered daily (in the first half of the day) with small amounts of water. The leaves of basil should only be sprayed on warm days. If our goal is to grow the most beautiful variety, we must remember that basil does not like to be transplanted.

The primary medicinal component of basil is the herb harvested during the full bloom of the plant. It contains 0.5-2.5% essential oils, which possess exceptional health properties. These compounds are water-insoluble, light, volatile substances that strongly stimulate the sense of smell. Besides basil essential oil, the herb also contains saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Basil herbs contain a significant amount of phenols and anthocyanins in their composition. Among all the active substances present in the oil, linalool is particularly noteworthy. It is used in both natural medicine and the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. This chemical compound possesses strong soothing and sleep-inducing properties. Scientific studies have shown that linalool increases both the duration and quality of sleep without affecting motor or cognitive functions. This means that it is safe for health and does not cause mental slowing, as is the case with most sedative and sleep-inducing drugs.

The active ingredients contained in basil leaves have a positive impact on the nutrition of patients with heart conditions. Basil is a popular herb and already plays a significant role in supporting the treatment of patients who are also undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. It also helps with motor and digestive disorders, as it has irritating properties. Basil also increases appetite. It is also used in dietary therapy for cancer patients, and its role in the treatment of patients undergoing chemotherapy and radiotherapy is significant. It is worth noting that basil has antibacterial and antifungal properties, which is very important for patients undergoing radiotherapy, as it can lead to the migration of bacteria from the digestive system. Basil is also used in the treatment of respiratory diseases, providing relief to patients with asthma and sinusitis. It thins thick and sticky secretions and facilitates their expulsion. To take advantage of the therapeutic power of basil in respiratory diseases, it is recommended to drink 3-4 cups of basil tea prepared with 12 g of basil leaves per day. It is important to drink this tea in small portions and frequently. Basil is also used in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. It contains vitamin A, which has strong antioxidant properties, protects blood vessels from harmful free radicals, and prevents the development of invasive cholesterol changes leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. The essential oil obtained from basil is a valuable raw material, which has special health properties. It has a light green or light yellow color and a fresh herbal-ginger scent. Its biologically active main components are linolol, eugenol, geranial, and neral, as well as many other substances that influence the therapeutic properties of basil. The essential oil from basil leaves supports the immune system, has antibacterial and antifungal properties, inhibits the growth of fungi, stimulates the immune system, and has strong antioxidant properties. Its use is particularly recommended in the autumn and winter season, when the body's defenses are lowest.