Ernährung ist ein entscheidender Bestandteil der Behandlung vieler Krankheiten, und die Aufrechterhaltung eines angemessenen Ernährungszustands ist eine der wichtigsten Prioritäten. Es gibt jedoch Fälle, in denen dies mit herkömmlichen Produkten nicht mehr möglich ist. In solchen Fällen hilft medizinische Ernährung, einschließlich mündlicher Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. Woraus bestehen sie, in welchen Fällen sollten sie eingesetzt werden und sind sie im allgemeinen Verkauf erhältlich?
Definition of Oral Nutritional Supplements According to ESPEN Guidelines
In accordance with the formal definition established by the *European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism* (commonly abbreviated as ESPEN), **oral nutritional supplements** (referred to as ONS, derived from *Oral Nutrition Supplements*) constitute specialized formulations available in multiple physical states—ranging from liquids of varying viscosities to semi-solid creams or powdered substances intended for reconstitution. Their principal objective is to supplement the body’s daily requirements for energy and essential nutrients, encompassing both macronutrients and micronutrients.
Depending on the specific formulation, these products may be presented in a ready-to-consume format—such as pre-packaged beverages in bottles or pouches—or serve as a base for preparing nutrient-dense solutions at home. Alternatively, they can be incorporated as enhancers into conventional meals or beverages to augment their caloric and nutritional density.
ONS are categorized under **foods for special medical purposes** (FSMP), indicating that their administration is subject to rigorous medical supervision. They are primarily intended for patients whose capacity to adequately ingest, digest, or absorb food—or specific nutrients—is compromised, whether due to chronic illnesses, acute clinical conditions, or postoperative complications. Furthermore, ONS are employed in scenarios where a standard diet proves insufficient to meet the elevated metabolic demands of the body, a circumstance frequently observed in diverse somatic disorders (reference: Cederholm et al., publication from 2017).
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