„Vomiting - causes and symptoms. Is there anything to eat and drink after vomiting? Recommendations for adults."

Vomiting is a defensive mechanism in which stomach contents are forcefully expelled through the mouth due to contractions of the abdominal and chest muscles. This response can be triggered by both physiological and pathological factors. It is most commonly a result of digestive system disorders, including gastrointestinal disturbances, digestive tract infections, and food sensitivities, leading to intense muscle contractions in the abdomen and/or chest. The body also employs this reflex to protect itself from harmful ingested substances (fungal toxins, bacteria, chemicals, etc.). Vomiting may also occur after the administration of certain medications (e.g., chemotherapeutic agents, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, hormones). Neurological disorders and their pathologies can also contribute to vomiting, particularly conditions that cause increased intracranial pressure (tumors, strokes, congenital malformations, infections) and emotional responses (e.g., depression, eating disorders, motion sickness). These factors play a significant role in various postoperative conditions, such as pregnancy (most women in the first trimester experience vomiting), as well as in conditions like Addison's disease, thyroid and parathyroid disorders, bacterial infections (Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Clostridium perfringens), transplants, alcohol abuse, prolonged fasting, and vitamin abuse.

After vomiting episodes, it is advisable to consume easily digestible meals that do not strain the digestive system. They should be light, served in small portions, but frequently. Avoid fatty, heavy, fried, roasted, sweet, and hot foods. Rest after eating and avoid physical exertion. Begin by giving the patient small amounts of dry products like crackers or sugar-free biscuits. Gradually introduce rice porridge, barley porridge, or semolina, followed by light foods such as low-fat dairy, meat, and mild spices. Prepare dishes by steaming, boiling, or baking in foil without fat. Maintain this diet for 1-2 days to allow the stomach to recover. Serve fruits and vegetables peeled and seedless. Smoothies are also recommended, as their liquid consistency aids digestion.

Repeated vomiting results in significant fluid loss, which can lead to rapid dehydration. After nausea subsides, it is crucial to restore electrolyte balance by administering fluids in small quantities of approximately 30-60 ml at a time. Cold, clear beverages are ideal to prevent further irritation of the already sensitive digestive system. Citrus juices should be avoided as they may exacerbate irritation. In some cases, sweet drinks such as diluted apple or pineapple juice can be beneficial. Additionally, specialized rehydration solutions are available that not only replenish lost fluids but also restore depleted electrolytes.

If persistent and distressing vomiting occurs, consulting a specialist is advisable. In adults, antiemetic medications and digestive regulators can be administered. We recommend, among others, antihistamines or serotonin receptor blockers. In some cases, the administration of rehydration solutions may be necessary. These are available over-the-counter in all pharmacies. They typically contain mineral salts (potassium, sodium, chlorine) and glucose, which prevents nutrient and energy deficiencies.