What are Compensatory Mechanisms?

The human body is equipped with special receptors that are responsible for receiving and processing information from the surrounding environment. After processing, these information are transmitted to the brain. Examples of external stimuli can be taste, smell, but also any kind of injury, such as sprains or fractures. Information in the form of injury is also transmitted to the brain. An injury can cause damage to the receptors, which continue to transmit information about the ongoing injury even after the end of the healing process. In such a situation, the body maintains the activated defense mechanisms that were initiated by the injury. An example is an ankle sprain, where the body activates a mechanism that enables further movement. A person with an injury will then rely more on the healthy leg. However, during the recovery process, it is important not to neglect proper rehabilitation. Otherwise, it can lead to compensations in the form of a higher load on the healthy limb after the sprain has healed. The human body is very sensitive to stimuli from the environment. As a response to specific information, reflexes occur – one of the strongest is the survival reflex. In the event of a threat, a defense reaction is triggered. In dangerous situations, it often leads to a weakening of the body, stiffness and muscle tension, and even pain. After the defense reaction has subsided, it is worth focusing on improving communication between the body and the brain. This method can prevent sending conflicting information to the brain through damaged receptors in the future.

Compensations arise when there is damage to one of the structures in the body. In order for the body to function, it shifts the work of the damaged structure to a healthy part. This mechanism operates on all levels of the human body. For example, when vision is lost, the other senses are enhanced, and when the left leg is injured, the right leg takes over the work and thus alleviates the burden on the injured limb. When returning to full health and function after an injury, it is not enough to just repair the damage and complete rehabilitation. It is also important to signal to the brain that the damaged structure is now safe to use again. The brain has the ability to produce and maintain defense reactions that can cause compensations not to disappear on their own, or even to be reinforced by the injury. As a result, the body will no longer be willing to use the damaged structure, leading to problems with the integration of certain motor systems. Therefore, it is crucial to develop an appropriate corrective protocol that allows for the full restoration of function through the elimination of compensations.

If the injury is new, it is advisable to immediately collaborate with a qualified physiotherapist who will plan the entire treatment process appropriately. Prompt implementation of rehabilitation helps to avoid further complications and return to efficiency before the injury occurred. It is more challenging in the case of old scars. Over time, the body develops various mechanisms that allow for continuous functioning without the damaged area. In such situations, a detailed assessment is required, and the duration of therapy should be extended, as the human body has high adaptability and is accustomed to adapting to new conditions. In this case, it is necessary to convince the brain that the area after the injury is a safe place and its work will be effective. This can be achieved through various techniques, such as work in isometry (utilization of constant muscle tension), in eccentricity (stretching of the affected area), and in concentricity (contraction of the affected area). These techniques are extremely helpful, especially at the beginning of the rehabilitation process. Over time, more advanced forms can be used, and more complex movement tasks can be introduced to fully engage the area after the injury in effective work.

In the event of an injury or accident, it is recommended to seek the advice of a qualified expert to avoid compensation and its long-term impact. Dealing with existing compensations can be demanding and require a lot of time, so it is necessary to take immediate action to enjoy good health and physical fitness for many years.