Spirulina - its effects, outcomes, and application on hair and facial skin

Spirulina (*Spirulina platensis*), once misclassified as algae, is now recognized as a gram-negative, filamentous cyanobacterium belonging to the genus *Arthrospira*. Colloquially, the term "spirulina" refers to the dried, powdered derivative of these photosynthetic microorganisms. Equipped with chlorophyll and phycobilins (including phycocyanin), these organisms perform oxygenic photosynthesis akin to vascular plants. They exhibit extremophilic traits, thriving in harsh environments such as hypersaline lakes, geothermal springs, alkaline soils, and polar regions [1]. Commercially, spirulina is predominantly available as a deep green powder renowned for its exceptional nutrient density. Its utilization spans millennia—ancient African civilizations and the Aztecs employed it as both a dietary staple and a medicinal resource. Presently, the largest cultivations of *Arthrospira platensis* are concentrated in Asia, South America, and Africa, whereas *A. maxima* originates from Central America. In Poland, spirulina remains a niche product, though its adoption is gradually increasing [2].

Many observations and numerous studies have been conducted evaluating the therapeutic benefits of spirulina in the context of diseases such as hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, cancer, and viral infections.[5] Spirulinian is a polysaccharide and has anti-cancer properties, so it can be used to treat Herpex simple or cytomegalovirus pathogens. Scientific studies have shown that spirulina has the ability to stimulate blood-forming processes, to protect the body's lymph nodes.[5] The most recent studies have also suggested a positive effect on spirulina's effects on the weakening of the stomach's fat in Alzheimer's disease and its metabolic processes.

Spirulina algae plays a pivotal role in contemporary cosmetic treatments designed for facial skin care. Owing to its capacity to facilitate the detoxification of the body from toxic heavy metals, coupled with its high concentration of chlorophyll and its properties that neutralize harmful free radicals, this substance can significantly enhance the texture of the epidermis, imparting smoothness and softness. Furthermore, the tyrosine present in spirulina regulates the natural pigmentation of both skin and hair while simultaneously bolstering its resistance to the detrimental effects of ultraviolet radiation, thereby contributing to a deceleration of the skin’s aging processes. Additionally, it exhibits soothing effects on allergic symptoms, which is why it is frequently incorporated into the formulations of cosmetic products intended for dry, sensitive, and irritation-prone skin. The exceptionally valuable gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) found in spirulina plays a critical role in skin cell regeneration and the reinforcement of its natural protective barrier. A deficiency in GLA can lead to dryness, roughness, and a loss of elasticity in the epidermis, as corroborated by scientific research [9]. The application of spirulina in at-home facial care is remarkably straightforward and effective—one need only prepare a nutrient-rich face mask by combining approximately one teaspoon of spirulina powder with a small amount of water until a uniform, paste-like consistency is achieved, then apply it to cleansed facial skin and leave it on for roughly fifteen minutes. After this period, the mask should be thoroughly rinsed off with lukewarm water to reveal refreshed and revitalized skin.

The distinctive nutritional profile of spirulina—comprising bioavailable proteins, trace minerals, gamma-linolenic acid, and chlorophyll-rich pigments—exerts a beneficial influence on sebaceous gland function within the scalp, thereby reinforcing the lipid barrier’s integrity and facilitating the structural repair of hair and nails. These mechanisms are substantiated by research demonstrating its antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties, which may offer particular advantages for individuals experiencing excessive hair shedding. Such effects are attributed to spirulina’s capacity to mitigate inflammatory processes and enhance microcirculation in the scalp, both of which are critical for follicular health. Much like nutrient-rich facial masks, spirulina serves as an adaptable foundation for homemade hair treatments, which can be further enhanced with complementary active ingredients. Potential additions include soothing botanicals (e.g., dried chamomile or nettle), essential oils (such as rosemary or castor oil), or natural emollients like egg yolk. The ideal texture is achieved by gradually blending spirulina powder with water or a floral hydrosol until a smooth, semi-liquid paste forms. The prepared mask should be applied evenly along the entire length of the hair, with gentle massaging motions focused on the scalp to stimulate the hair roots. After an exposure period of approximately 30 minutes, the treatment is thoroughly rinsed with lukewarm water, followed by cleansing with a mild shampoo to eliminate any residual product. Classified as a *superfood*, spirulina boasts an exceptional nutrient density, containing up to 70% complete protein by dry weight, essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (including gamma-linolenic acid), chlorophyll, carotenoids, and a comprehensive array of vitamins (e.g., B-complex, K, E) and minerals (iron, magnesium, zinc). Extensive *in vitro* and clinical investigations confirm its multifaceted health-promoting effects, including antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, and immune-boosting activities. These attributes render spirulina not only a valuable dietary supplement but also a versatile component in cosmeceutical formulations designed for hair care, facial rejuvenation, and nail strengthening.