Leukocyte reference ranges and elevated counts – interpreting results and dietary recommendations for leukopenia

Leukocytes, otherwise known as white blood cells (WBCs), do not form a homogeneous group. They include: neutrophils indifferent granulocytes capable of phagocytosis and killing microorganisms, eosinophils acidic granulosites capable of fagocyting and killing certain parasites by means of antibodies, basophiles parasitic granulots, involved in the defense against parasites, lymphocytes producing anti-bodies and cytokines, monocytes, fagocytes and killing microbes and other organisms, secretions of cytokins [1, 2].

The correct values for the total number of lymphocytes (WBCs) are 4000 10000/μl. Division by subpopulation is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Leukocyte sub-population norms [1]. Subpopulation Absolute number of cells (/ μl) Percentage of total leukocytes Neutrophils 1800 8000 60 70 Eosinophiles 50 400 2 4 Basophiles 10 300 0 1 Lymphocyte 100 5000 20 45 Monocytes 30 800 4 8 In a situation where the number of leukocyts deviates from the norm, the results should be interpreted taking into account also the neutrophiles and lymphocytes [1].

What may be the causes of elevated levels of individual leukocyte subpopulations? Neutrophylia, or > 8000/μl: acute bacterial infections, alcoholic leukemia, hypertension of corticosteroids (Cushing's syndrome), rheumatoid arthritis (RHS), inflammatory bowel disease, post-concussion stroke, hyperplasia of the blood, lymphoma, lymphocytic disorders, myocardial infarction, heart disease, heart failure, heart attack, stroke, stroke of the liver, blood clots, blood disord, blood loss, or cancer of the lymph nodes.

During pregnancy, the body has to adapt to new conditions. Blood parameters may then change. This is due to an increased need for oxygen and nutrients. Anemia, mild macular degeneration, an increase in clotting factors or mild neutrophil leukocytosis may occur. During the third trimester of pregnancy, monocytes may sometimes increase. This may result in increased leukocyte count.

Leukopenia is usually caused by a decrease in the level of neutrophils or lymphocytes in the blood. Neutropenia, number of neutrophiles < 1500/μl: aplastic anemia, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, infections, especially viral influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, systemic diseases of the connective tissue, increased spotting, cytostatic drugs, thyrostatic, anticoagulant, psychotropic, antibacterial, cyclic neuropathy, GSK syndrome, lymphoma, osteoarthritis, high blood pressure, radiation therapy, radiotherapy, lymphocytic disorders, cancer of the lymph nodes, radiopathy of the spinal cord, cellulose infection, radiocarcinosis, cell carcinopathy, cell-mediated immunity, cell lung disease, and lymphomas, and the following:

Nutritional support may vary depending on the cause of leukopenia, which must first be diagnosed. However, its immunity must be primarily enhanced. First of all, the diet should be balanced and based on the recommendations of doctors from the Institute of Food and Nutrition. Which products should be given particular attention? Vegetables and fruits are a source of some of the best antioxidant vitamins and other bioactive substances in the body (e.g. β-carotene, mermaid vitamins, seaweed vitamins). Firstly, dietary supplements should also be considered. Products that are sources of essential mineral ingredients, taking part in the regulation of the daily dietary intake of essential ointments of the brain.