Body Types and Strategy in Sculpting One's Physique

In 1940, W. Sheldon, based on an analysis of images of 4,000 students, concluded that there are three types of body structure. His theory is founded on the existence of three layers of cells that form various systems: the endoderma, the ectoderma, and the mesoderm. The dominance of any of these layers would determine the appearance of the silhouette, personality, and even the health status. The three primary silhouette types are discussed.

People with this somatotypus exhibit narrow shoulders and broader hips. It is generally believed that adipose tissue tends to accumulate more often in endomorphs. Additionally, the body stores more water, which can cause such individuals to appear more massive.

– prominent features of ectomorphic body type include narrow arms and waist, elongated limbs, and a smaller bone circumference. Individuals with this body structure may encounter challenges in gaining muscle mass.

Individuals embodying this body type display attributes of both ectomorph and endomorph. Their distinctive traits encompass a wide chest circumference, narrow hips, and extensive limbs. Mesosomatic types generally possess a low body fat percentage and can readily develop muscle mass.

The Heath-Carter method is currently used to estimate somatotypes. This method involves measuring the thickness of bones, the circumference of the pelvis and the arm, and skin-fat folds. Body weight and height also play an important role. Then the measurements obtained are placed into mathematical patterns. Most of these measures change over the course of a person's life, which can influence to which somatotype a person is assigned. However, such detailed calculations are not necessary for the average person who engages in amateur sports. For a simple assessment of body type, a look in the mirror can be helpful: a tall and slender person is an ectomorph, a muscular and athletic person is a mesomorph, and a person with round or massive forms is an endomorph.

Many physically active people believe that somatotypes have a significant impact on strength performance and body shape. In a 1994 study, this theory was confirmed. A group of men participated in a 12-week strength training program, during which a greater increase in muscle mass was observed in those with an endomorphic body type compared to those with an ectomorphic body type (L. M. Van Etten, F. T. Verstappen, K. R. Westerterp, 1994). In a subsequent experiment conducted on a group of 36 physically active men, the relationship between somatotype and anaerobic performance in exercises such as squats and bench presses was examined. It was found that people with a mesomorphic body structure achieved better strength performance than those with other somatotypes (H. Ryan-Stewart, J. Faulkner, S. Jobson, 2018). In a study of judo athletes, it was found that people with an ectomorphic body structure fared worse during training than mesomorphic athletes who had greater strength (J. Lewandowska et al., 2011). Another experiment showed that ectomorphic people performed better than mesomorphic people in Taekwondo training (J. -W. Noh, J. -H. Kim, J. Kim, 2013). Some people believe that classification by somatotypes should be a reference point when choosing a suitable sport, but in available studies, the focus was mainly on body composition and the amount of fat tissue, while genetic and psychological factors, which should be key in classification, were neglected.

It is widely believed that ectomorphs struggle to build muscle mass, while mesomorphs can do so with ease. The misconception, of course, is that caloric needs are determined by a specific body type. Similarly, the distribution of macronutrients in one's diet does not depend on body type. Regardless of one's body type, a caloric deficit is essential for the fat loss process, while a positive energy balance is required for muscle building. Unquestionably, there are differences in caloric needs among individuals, but these variations arise from factors such as genetic predisposition, type of training involving progressive overload, and non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT).

Developing a plan for the body-shaping process based on the somatotypes theory is unjustified. Body type does not affect calorie needs or athletic predispositions. The somatotypes theory does not consider important conditions related to hormonal and nervous systems. There are other, more effective methods to develop an individual nutrition plan and training program, and in this case, a person's body weight is a better indicator than the somatotype.