Common cold or histamine intolerance?

Histamine is synthesized in the body from histidine through the action of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase. It is present in substantial quantities in the skin, lungs, mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract, and in cells undergoing rapid division and regeneration. Acting as an inflammatory mediator, it triggers a range of clinical symptoms. It is stored in mast cells and basophilic granulocytes, where it is bound to acidic proteins and high-molecular-weight heparin. Histamine not sequestered in mast cells is found in gastric histaminocytes and histaminergic neurons. Its release occurs during antigen-antibody allergic reactions and under the influence of various factors, including antibiotics, ammonium compounds, certain alkaloids, peptides, enzymes, medications (e.g., atropine, morphine), stress, inflammation, tissue damage, insect stings, or snake bites. In allergic reactions, histamine exerts its effects via H1, H2, H3, and H4 receptors, with H1 receptors playing a pivotal role.

Histamine intolerance may stem from an insufficient level of the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO), which is responsible for breaking down histamine in the body. The histamine content in food varies significantly and depends on the degree of ripeness and freshness. The longer the products are stored or left to ripen, the higher their histamine content becomes. Foods rich in histamine include: alcohol (red wine, champagne, beer, sparkling wine), smoked and canned fish (fish sauces, tuna, mackerel, sardines, anchovies, herring, pollock, salmon), pizza, smoked meats (salami, ham, hot dogs, bratwurst, bacon), sauerkraut, vinegar (wine vinegar, balsamic vinegar), vegetables (tomatoes, spinach, eggplants, pre-made salads, canned vegetables, mushrooms), fruits (strawberries, bananas, papaya, mango, grapefruit, kiwi, pineapple, mandarins, dried plums), chocolate, cocoa, coffee, black tea, aged cheeses, soy sauce, certain mustards and ketchups, sunflower seeds, bread, baked goods with yeast, nuts, Brazil nuts, walnuts.

Histamine is a chemical compound that triggers various adverse reactions in the body. It causes the smooth muscles in the bronchi and intestines to contract, potentially leading to severe complications. An irritated intestinal mucosa may result in diarrhea and abdominal pain. Blood vessels dilate, and their permeability increases, leading to swelling of the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose. This manifests as skin itching, rashes, watery nasal discharge, and sneezing. Stimulation of secretion from the glands of the nasal and bronchial mucosa can impair breathing. Some individuals experience severe headaches, tearing eyes, and persistent coughing. In extreme cases, it can lead to a drop in blood pressure and heart rhythm disturbances. Histamine induces typical allergic symptoms, and histamine intolerance may occur when consuming histamine-rich products causes a sudden increase in its concentration in the body, resulting in various symptoms beyond just allergic reactions.