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Tanning Sumac - Properties and Uses
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Tanning Sumac (Rhus coriaria) is a shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, predominantly found in Mediterranean regions. It is recognized for its hairy fruit in the shape of small balls with a brownish-red hue, which is utilized in the production of popular spices in Middle Eastern countries. Tanning Sumac is a highly valued raw material, exhibiting a wide range of health properties.
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Chemical constituents
Garbar sumac has been used in traditional eastern medicine for its effectiveness in treating a variety of ailments, such as: diarrhea, ulcers, bleeding, difficult-to-heal wounds, and visual disturbances. Phytochemical studies have shown that the chemical composition of garbar sumac includes polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, herbicides, tannins, and essential oils. Among these compounds are kerosene, isocverine, acetic acid, gallic acid, methylgallate, kemferol, rosmarinic acid, and tannin. In total, 211 phytocomponents have been identified in garbar sumac (Z. A. Elagbar et al. 2020).
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Health advantages
Thanks to the presence of biologically active components, Rhus coriaria exhibits high antioxidant activity. Scientific research has shown that the extract from this plant helps decrease oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals. These properties are largely attributed to the polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids (particularly gallic acid), and organic acids (apple and citric acids) found in sumac. Thanks to their antioxidant properties, these substances aid in eliminating toxins from the body, prevent the development of many civilization diseases, and slow down the aging process of the organism. A high DNA-protective activity has also been observed, which prevents the occurrence of mutations in the genetic material (F. S. Mohammed et al. 2018).
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Cancer-countering traits
The reactive oxygen forms and free radicals that occur in the body contribute to oxidative stress, which disrupts the function of cells, organs, and systems and can lead to cancerous changes. The antioxidant activity of sumac is related to its anti-cancer activity, as the polyphenols and flavonoids it contains inhibit the growth of cancer cells and contribute to their destruction through apoptosis. Studies have shown that the extract from Rhus coriaria inhibits their proliferation and hinders the process of angiogenesis, i.e., the formation of new blood vessels in the organs. A cytotoxic effect has also been observed against breast cancer cells, cervical cancer cells, colon cancer cells, and prostate cancer cells.
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Demonstrates antibacterial properties
The antibacterial properties of sumac have been found to be effective against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Studies have shown that the active ingredients in the essential oil obtained from the fruits of this plant are capable of inhibiting the growth of bacteria and contributing to their destruction. Among the bacteria that have been studied are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. Additionally, research has shown that the ethanolic extract obtained from the seeds of Rhus coriaria can enhance the effect of some antibiotics, such as tetracycline, penicillin, and cephalosporins, on three resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Furthermore, due to its bacteriostatic activity against bacteria that cause food spoilage, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli, sumac can be used as a natural preservative (A. Nostro et al. 2016).
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Attributes demonstrating an anti-inflammatory effect
Plant extracts that display significant antioxidant activity may also possess an anti-inflammatory effect. Reactive oxygen forms initiate cellular destruction by stimulating the release of pro-inflammatory substances. Therefore, antioxidant properties are closely linked with inflammation-reducing activity. The main actors in this regard are flavonoids (such as gallic acid, quercetin, and kemferol) and phenolic compounds found in sumac. Research has been conducted to determine the impact of the extract on the reduction of pathological mechanisms associated with the development of necrotizing intestinal inflammation. In the experiment, an animal model was employed. Based on the results, it was established that the application of Rhus coriaria extract led to a significant decrease in IL-6 (Interleukin-6) and TNF-alpha (Tumor Necrosis Factor), indicating a reduction in the inflammatory state of the organism. Further studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of tanner's sumac on the reduction of inflammatory processes in the joint area. This experiment was also conducted using an animal model, but scientists propose that the anti-inflammatory activity could also be successfully utilized in the treatment of inflammatory conditions in the human organism.
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The anti-diabetic properties of Rhus coriaria
Rhus coriaria, also known as Tanner's Sumac, has been used for a long time in Turkish folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. There are studies that confirm this positive effect. In one of these studies, it was shown that Rhus coriaria fruit extract reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats by around 31% (A. Doğan, I. Çelik 2016). The fruit of Rhus coriaria contains many bioactive compounds that, by blocking the absorption of glucose into the intestine, lower its levels in the blood. These include: tannins, quercetin, isocyclic, citric acid, elga, gallic acid, and garlic. Based on the results of the research, it has been established that regular intake of Rhus coriaria extract can be helpful in the treatment and prevention of hyperglycemia, diabetes, and its complications (S. Giancarlo et al. 2016). However, it is important to note that the experiments were carried out only on animal models, so further research is needed.
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Properties that lower cholesterol levels
Rhus coriaria fruit extract contains components that improve the functioning of the cardiovascular system, mainly due to the presence of tannins. Studies on rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed that Rhus coriaria fruit extract may help lower lipid and cholesterol levels in the blood (M. Shafiei, M. Nobakht, A. Moazzam 2011; H. R. Soltani et al. 2017). In addition, liver and kidney function improved (M. Nagib 2017). Apart from animal model analyses, there have been studies involving patients with hypercholesterolemia. In one study, short-term supplementation with Rhus coriaria fruit extract in a daily dose of 1000 mg was found to improve blood pressure, endothelial function, and lipid levels in the blood. It was also observed that the extract of Rhus coriaria enhanced the effect of hypotensive and lipid-lowering drugs without causing any side effects. Therefore, taking sumac extract can support pharmacotherapy and increase its effectiveness, allowing for a reduction in the dosage of medication and minimizing side effects (S. Asgary et al. 2018).
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The utilization of sumac as a spice
Sumac is commonly employed as a spice with a purple hue and a somewhat moist, sticky consistency. It is produced by grinding dried fruits. The flavor of the spice is characterized as tart, fruity, slightly salty, and refreshing, reminiscent of the combination of ripe lemon peel with salt, thereby enabling its usage as a substitute. Sumac is frequently utilized in Middle Eastern cuisine for grilled dishes, imparting a citrusy scent. It pairs well with poultry, lamb, beef, and seafood. It also emphasizes the taste of chickpeas and lentils, making it a suitable ingredient for hummus, soups, and sauces. The spice is also added to salads and raw vegetables, particularly those containing onions, as sumac neutralizes their odor and mellows their flavor. It is also blended with natural yogurt and served as a sauce for kebab. It is a component of dressings, pastes, and dips, and when combined with thyme and roasted sesame seeds, it forms a spice mixture known as za'atar.
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Consolidation of sumaka's features
The properties of sumaka have been acknowledged for a substantial period, however, this spice has not yet found widespread application in Poland. Assessing its flavor benefits and health merits suggests benefits of introducing sumaka into the diet. This spice can be found in stores with oriental and organic food and is also available in online shops. Nevertheless, it is crucial to note that ground sumaka rapidly loses freshness - it should therefore be stored in suitable airtight packaging and kept away from light to maintain its intense flavor for an extended period.
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• 23.03.2026
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