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Arginine - Its definition and method of use
Table of Contents
1. Appearance of Arginine
The appearance of arginine in the body is influenced not just by endogenous changes and intracellular protein degradation, but also by the dietary supply of amino acids. It is crucial to maintain the proper level of arginine, especially in case of increased demand due to injury, illness, or significant catabolic processes in the body. As the aging process progresses, the production of endogenous arginine decreases, and it is recommended to supplement it through dietary intake. Rich sources of arginine include products containing both animal and plant-based protein such as soy, beef, pork, turkey, peanuts, walnuts, Brazil nuts, sesame, pumpkin seeds, almonds, flaxseed, chocolate, buckwheat, and mackerel. Small amounts of arginine can also be found in milk proteins. However, only half of the arginine ingested from food is absorbed into the bloodstream during digestion, while 40% is broken down in the small intestine.2. Operation of arginine
Arginine is produced in the urea cycle and is involved in the synthesis of proteins, creatine, urea, proline, polyamines, and nitric oxide. The amino acid has a regulatory function and stimulates the release of glucagon, insulin, prolactin, and growth hormone. The metabolic pathways of arginine vary between organs and cells. Arginine has an impact on the proper functioning and protection of the liver by ensuring detoxification of the organism through the conversion of toxic ammonia into urea in the urea cycle. Arginine is also a substrate in the synthesis of creatine, which is a precursor of the indicator of proper kidney function - creatinine. Creatine plays a key role in muscle energetics by improving the oxidative metabolism and reducing the level of lactic acid. In training individuals, this allows for increased training loads, muscle mass gain, and decreased fat tissue amount. The supply of arginine also affects the production of growth hormone (GH), which acts on the immune system and central nervous system. Excessive amounts of growth hormone have negative effects on the organism, increasing the risk of cancer and reducing glucose uptake, which is a crucial energy substrate, especially in endurance sports. The supply of arginine before sleep further promotes the release of GH. Arginine in the vascular wall is responsible for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), which stimulates the immune system, reduces inflammation, facilitates wound healing (especially in burn cases), and dilates blood vessels. It is also involved in the relaxation of smooth muscles, improving blood circulation, and aiding in the regeneration of damaged muscle fibers. The deficiency of NO has a significant impact on the formation of atherosclerotic plaques and the oxidation of cholesterol molecules of the LDL fraction. Arginine also slows down the aging process of the organism due to its antioxidant properties and affects the synthesis of collagen. Arginine is essential for the production of semen, maintaining an adequate number of sperm, and their motility. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on the gut microbiome and improves insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes, which reduces the risk of disease development and its later complications.3. Administering Arginine
Arginine is employed in the form of isolated amino acid L-arginine or as synthetic compounds such as AAKG (glutaric acid arginine), hydrochloride or L-arginine apples. The most absorbable form is the one closest to the natural one found in food. Arginine is used as a medication for circulatory system diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, stroke and thrombosis, as well as diabetes, glaucoma, male infertility, burns and infections. Arginine is also very commonly used by athletes to improve physical performance. Unfortunately, there are no clear studies that prove the positive effect of arginine supplementation in strength and endurance sports. The recommended daily dose of arginine is 5 g, which is a basic dose and should not cause any side effects. The most effective way to use arginine is before training. In case of using large amounts of arginine, gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea, diarrhea and dehydration may occur.4. Directives for the application of arginine
Individuals suffering from schizophrenia, pregnant women, nursing mothers, people taking anticonvulsant medications, people with renal, hepatic and biliary dysfunction, digestive and absorption disorders and severe hypertension should not supplement arginine. Each supplementation should be backed by medical tests and consultation with a physician. Furthermore, a multi-hour interval should be maintained between the intake of the dietary supplement and the medication to prevent interactions.5. Evaluating arginine
Arginine is a vital amino acid for the proper functioning of the body, yet both its excess and deficiency are detrimental to the system. When there is too much arginine in the body, excessive amounts of nitric oxide start to be produced as well, which completely reverses its function instead of lowering the pressure, it raises it and stiffens the blood vessels, instead of restoring their elasticity. Furthermore, excessive administration of arginine can disrupt the balance of other amino acids. A rational and well-balanced diet allows for the provision of the appropriate amounts of arginine, so that one can feel the positive impact of this amino acid on the body.
