Pregnancy symptoms and diet – vomiting, constipation, acid reflux, swelling

1. Disconcerting nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

2. Avoiding constipation during pregnancy

3. The feeling of burning known as Zgaga

4. Edema during pregnancy

1. Disconcerting nausea and vomiting during pregnancy

Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy (NVP) are among the most common complaints experienced by pregnant women. They can affect up to 70-80% of expectant mothers (M. Bustos, R. Venkataramanan, S. Caritis 2017). They usually occur in the first trimester of pregnancy but can sometimes last longer. They generally disappear by the 22nd week of pregnancy, but in about 10% of women, they may persist until the end of pregnancy. The popular term 'morning sickness' does not fully reflect the actual condition, as many pregnant women experience these symptoms throughout the day. They are probably caused by a high level of the pregnancy hormone gonadotropin. Nausea and vomiting usually do not pose a threat to the mother and child and are often considered a normal part of pregnancy. However, they can significantly reduce the quality of life and well-being. Interestingly, it has been shown that a mild course of NVP is associated with benefits for the fetus - a reduction in the risk of low birth weight, preterm birth, and miscarriage (M. Bustos, R. Venkataramanan, S. Caritis 2017). However, in some women, a severe form of NVP, called hyperemesis gravidarum (HG), may develop, leading to dehydration, weight loss, and electrolyte imbalances. In this case, hospitalization may occasionally be required.

2. Avoiding constipation during pregnancy

Constipation during pregnancy can be an unpleasant experience, but there are many measures that can help prevent this unwanted condition. It is usually caused by hormonal changes and a constantly enlarging uterus compressing the bowels. Lack of physical movement or insufficient fluid intake can also contribute to a decrease in bowel movements. To avoid constipation, drink a lot of fluids, increase the amount of fiber in your diet, and engage in regular physical activity if your health allows. If these methods do not help, your doctor may recommend safe medications for pregnant women, such as those based on lactulose or sorbitol.

3. The feeling of burning known as Zgaga

Zgaga is a condition that often occurs during pregnancy (especially in the third trimester) and disappears completely after giving birth. It is caused by gastroesophageal reflux, which is the withdrawal of food content to the esophagus. During pregnancy, it is associated with the action of hormones – progesterone and estrogens relax and lower the pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter, and the growing uterus presses on the stomach, which promotes the expulsion of its contents. To prevent this unpleasant condition, it is recommended to eat smaller portions, but more often. The last meal should be eaten 2-3 hours before bedtime, so that the symptoms do not appear at night. Some products such as coffee, tea, carbonated drinks, spicy spices, citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes, mint, chocolate and fatty meals can intensify Zgaga, so it is advisable to exclude them from the diet for some time.

4. Edema during pregnancy

Edema occurs more frequently in the latter half of pregnancy and is associated with an excessive accumulation of water in the body. It primarily affects the lower extremities (feet, ankles or pelvis) and the hands and may be accompanied by tingling, cramping, or a feeling of heaviness. These conditions result from increased blood circulation and obstructed drainage from the venous and lymphatic vessels. Edema may be more pronounced on hot days or if a woman spends a lot of time sitting down. An essential component of preventing edema is adequate hydration. Expectant mothers should consume at least 2-3 liters of water daily, as a fluid deficiency can lead to increased retention. It is also advisable to reduce salt intake and use herbs as seasonings. If possible, appropriate physical activity that activates the leg muscles, such as walking, swimming, or gymnastics, should be performed. It is also recommended to rest with raised legs - during lying down, it is good to place a pillow or folded blanket under the legs. Cold compresses and cooling gels, such as those containing menthol, can also be helpful. If edema is accompanied by increased blood pressure or is very severe, a medical consultation is necessary.