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Is it a malnutrition problem? What are the consequences?
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1. Malnutrition What is malnutrition and how can it be recognized?
According to ESPEN (European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism), malnutrition can be diagnosed if a patient experiences a deterioration in nutrition in the last month or a decline in weight of ≥ 5% within the last 3 months, and in one of two situations: 1. The guidelines for the diagnosis of mal nutrition are as follows: BMI < 20 kg/m2, low serum albumin levels (< 3.5 g/dl), signs of nutrition, loss of body weight ≥ 5% in the final month or ≥ 10% within 3 months. However, with the exception of SOR (hospital emergency department), the tests allow rapidly verifying whether the body weight of the patients who are undernourished is in the lowest group of nutrients.2. Malnutrition of the species
There is also a decrease in cell resistance. However, there is no reduction in fat and muscle reserves this type of malnutrition develops rapidly and therefore anthropometric indicators remain normal. Kwashiorkor usually occurs in well-nourished people after major injury, surgery or infection. In patients there is an increase in the diversity of bacteria from Fusobacteria and Proteobacteria, and a reduction of these commensals, which feed on the large intestine.3. Hunger is simple and hunger is complicated
In each of them, the albumin concentration initially remains at the same level. There is a gradual depletion of proteins and fats. Complex (stressful) starvation can be described as starvation due to severe illness or injury. Complicated starvation is characterized by significant water and sodium retention as well as a disruption of the carbohydrate economy.4. The effects of malnutrition
The benefits of nutritional treatment include: reduction of stress, decrease in the number of complications; acceleration of the patient's return to full activity; shortening of time and hospitalization; improvement in the quality of care provided in surgical departments; lowering the cost of health care. In this group, people who are overweight or underweight are treated with reduced blood pressure, dysfunction of the body, or intolerance to eating, obesity, weight loss from alcohol, post-operative surgery, or post-exercise costs, and increase the risk of weight loss and/or weight loss, particularly in patients who are exposed to low blood pressure and/ or metabolic disorders.5. Diet and other non-pharmacological methods of malnutrition
Also important are the aesthetics of feeding, which should encourage intake of food. It may supplement or completely replace the diet. Refeeding syndrome may occur in malnourished people. Characteristic symptoms of refeeding are sodium and water retention (which leads to swelling and heart failure), hypocalcemia, hypophosphateemia, acute vitamin deficiency, hypoglycemia. In the next 3~10 days, the energy intake also increases by 10~25%. In addition to dietary therapy, it is important to pay attention to the parameters of the human body that can help to fight low nutrient intake, such as the ability to exercise regularly and to lose weight.
